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The term Sufi has come from the word Safa meaning pure which implies purity of thought and action. The poets' itinerant lifestyle helped create temple and pilgrimage sites and spread spiritual ideas built around Shiva. Now there will be no further going and coming, The devotees worship is intended to obtain Gods favour for salvation. Vishnu-bhakti is based on Vishnus avatars (incarnations), particularly Krishna and Rama. Thus Bhakti was superior to Gnana or knowledge and Karma, or Action. Thus in a general sense Bhakti means devotion to God. 4. [74] Brajavali is to an extent, a combination of medieval Maithili and Assamese. Pure devotion to a deity was most important aspect. Get answers to the most common queries related to the UPSC Examination Preparation. As a matter of fact Bhakti movement was the direct outcome of the emergence of Islam in India. However, the real development of Bhakti took place in South India between the 7th and the 12th centuries through the teachings of poet saints known as Alvars and Nayanar whose hymns were collected and compiled in the 10th century. Therefore, one should constantly chant the Hare Krishna Mahamantra, - Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna Hare Hare, Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare. Its results have deeply influenced contemporary religious and cultural trends in India. Self-surrender. The Bhakti movement received its impetus from the presence of iconoclastic Muslim preachers who stressed upon the unity of God, vehemently criticized the Hindu religion and thought and attempted to convert Hindus to their religion by resorting to all kinds of means. That is why Bhakti movement has often been presented as a Hindu response to the egalitarian message of Islam and its spread among the lower classes of Hindu society. Equality of men or universal brotherhood was another cardinal philosophy of the Bhakti cult. Gyan marga Attaining salvation through learning and understanding. Eventually, many religious groups came in their support and moved from one place to another, enchanting poems and songs to devote to God. The main objective was to unite efforts through cross-sectoral coordination among various ministries and programmes, with the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) serving as the nodal agency. Main features of the bhakti movement In terms of acquiring an answer to the question of what were the main features of bhakti , some significant factors need to be noted. They stressed that a true religious man is one who is pure in thought and action. Causes Of Bhakti Movement Muslims from adjacent areas began to conquer northern India during the medieval period of Hinduism, during the 7th century. Report a Violation 11. [109] Some of the bhagats whose hymns were included in the Guru Granth Sahib, were bhakti poets who taught their ideas before the birth of Guru Nanak the first of Sikh Guru. The influence of Sufism cannot be set aside from the origin of Bhakti movement in India. Image Guidelines 4. Devotional practices included reciting the name of the god or goddess, singing hymns in praise of the deity, wearing or carrying identifying emblems, and undertaking pilgrimages to sacred places associated with the deity. Jaidev-Jaidev was a Sanskrit poet of the 12th century, famous for Gita Govindas poem. The Bhakti movement arose in part due to the Muslim invasion and governance. Several divisions had occurred. There was a lot of caste and class distinction. Main Features of the Bhakti Movement: 1. A deep-rooted change came about to lay the foundations of a liberal and composite Indian society. "The main results of Bhakti movement were the development of vernacular literature, modification of caste exclusiveness, sanctification of family life, elevation of status of women, preaching of humaneness and tolerance, partial reconciliation with Islam, subordination of rites and ceremonies, pilgrimages, fasts etc, learning and contemplation to [120][121][122] Guru Arjan, in his Sukhmani Sahib, recommended the true religion is one of loving devotion to God. [123][124] The Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib includes suggestions for a Sikh to perform constant Bhakti. 6. [60][61][62] This literature includes the writings of the Alvars and Nayanars, poems of Andal,[63] Basava,[64] Bhagat Pipa,[65] Allama Prabhu, Akka Mahadevi, Kabir, Guru Nanak (founder of Sikhism),[64] Tulsidas, Nabha Dass,[66] Gusainji, Ghananand,[63] Ramananda (founder of Ramanandi Sampradaya), Ravidass, Sripadaraja, Vyasatirtha, Purandara Dasa, Kanakadasa, Vijaya Dasa, Six Goswamis of Vrindavan,[67] Raskhan,[68] Ravidas,[64] Jayadeva Goswami,[63] Namdev,[64] Eknath, Tukaram, Mirabai,[42] Ramprasad Sen,[69] Sankardev,[70] Vallabha Acharya,[64] Narsinh Mehta,[71] Gangasati[72] and the teachings of saints like Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. God could only be found by love, dedication, and complete submission to his will, not via ceremonies, procedures, and idol worship. The Bhakti movement was fundamentally monotheistic, with adherents worshipping a single personal God who may have a form (saguna) or be formless (nirguna). Richard Kieckhefer and George Bond (1990). What are the effects of the Bhakti Movement? Uploader Agreement. The Sanskrit word bhakti is derived from the root bhaj, which means "divide, share, partake, participate, to belong to". [89] Yet given the "mountains of Nirguni bhakti literature", adds Lorenzen, bhakti for Nirguna Brahman has been a part of the reality of the Hindu tradition along with the bhakti for Saguna Brahman. Prohibited Content 3. They range from the 7th to 9th century, with Muslim traders settling in coastal regions of the Indian peninsula, to Muslims seeking asylum in Tamil Nadu, to raids in northwest India by, Karen Pechelis (2011), "Bhakti Traditions", in. He suggested uniting the Hindus and Muslims by uniting their lords. Bhakti arose in South India in the 7th to 10th centuries in poems that the Alvars and the Nayanars composed in Tamil to the gods Vishnu and Shiva, respectively. image source: ramanan50.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/65be1-adishankaracharyawithhisdisciples.jpg, The main results of Bhakti movement were the development of vernacular literature, modification of caste exclusiveness, sanctification of family life, elevation of status of women, preaching of humaneness and tolerance, partial reconciliation with Islam, subordination of rites and ceremonies, pilgrimages, fasts etc, learning and contemplation to worship God with love and faith, the limitation of excess of polytheism and the uplift of the nation to a higher level of capacity both of thought and action.. Updates? 1. This website uses cookies and third party services. Guru Nanak Guru Nanak was also the follower and promoter of universal brotherhood. Some of the main principles of Bhakti Movement are given below God is one All men are equal Give up caste practices Devotion is more important than rituals. HistoryDiscussion.net All rights reserved. It came to India towards the beginning of the 13th century A.D. and with the rise of the Muslim power Sufism became more popular. [7] Most scholars state that Bhakti movement provided women and members of the Shudra and untouchable communities an inclusive path to spiritual salvation. Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. The orientalist images of bhakti were formulated in a context of discovery: a time of organized cultural contact, in which many agencies, including administrative, scholarly, and missionary sometimes embodied in a single person sought knowledge of India. 10. [note 1][117], Guru Nanak, the first Sikh Guru and the founder of Sikhism, was a Bhakti saint. An important factor which led to the popularity of Bhakti movement was that most of the promoters of this movement attempted to reconcile the differences between the Hindus and the Muslims by stressing that Rama and Rahim were one and the same. In this article, we will learn about the significance of temples and monastic institutions. The idea of an open mind to decide for oneself in matters of religion may be discovered in the lines, you do as thou choosest (XVIII 63). Common men in general had developed an averse attitude towards these social evils and were in need of a liberal form of religion where they could identify themselves with simple religious practices. Prohibited Content 3. Ranade, in his book, The Rise of Maratha Power, sums up the deep impact of this spiritual awakening. Devotion to Shiva is associated with his frequent manifestations on earthin which he can appear as anyone, even a tribal hunter, a Dalit (formerly called an untouchable), or a Muslim. Her research and teaching interests revolve around two Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The word Bhakti is a very familiar word in the Hindu religious system. [14] Bhakti refers to deep devotion (to a deity). [75][76] The language was easily understood by the local populace, in line with the Bhakti movement's call for inclusion, but it also retained its literary style. ADVERTISEMENTS: 4. The exponents of the Bhakti revolution took major reforms to urge people to walk on the path of love, devotion and sacrifices. Bhakti, intense love and devotion, the only way to salvation. Introduced Social giving like Seva Introduced dana (charity) Community kitchens with free food. ; Bhakti movement was based on the doctrine that the relationship between god and man is through love and worship rather than through performing any ritual or religious ceremonies. On the other hand the Muslims also appreciated that the Hindus were in absolute majority and it was impossible to force all of them to embrace Islam. It pointed out the virtues of contentment and self control. MAIN FEATURES OF BHAKTI MOVEMENT. The movement started in the 9th century A.D. by Shankaracharya which continued up to 16th century A.D. by a number of Hindu devotees, preachers and religious reformers. TheBhakti saints, including Ramanuja, Chaitanya, Jaidev, Kabir, Ramanand, believed in the unity of God. [85] Saguna bhakta's poetry were Prema-shrayi, or with roots in love. The Nayanars were devotees of Lord Shiva, whereas the Alvars were devotees of Lord Vishnu. Plagiarism Prevention 5. He approached the Indian society to bring unity in God and not differentiate any of them. The movement has traditionally been considered an influential social reformation in Hinduism in that it provided an individual-focused alternative path to spirituality regardless of one's birth or gender. A devotee of Mother Goddess or Devi can chant various Mantras or chant attached to Devi. Scholars writing on bhakti in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were agreed that bhakti in India was preeminently a monotheistic reform movement. [92], Sheldon Pollock writes that the Bhakti movement was neither a rebellion against Brahmins and the upper castes nor a rebellion against the Sanskrit language, because many of the prominent thinkers and earliest champions of the Bhakti movement were Brahmins and from upper castes, and because much of the early and later Bhakti poetry and literature was in Sanskrit. It was a complete surrender of oneself to God. [58], Klaus Witz, in contrast, traces the history and nature of the Bhakti movement to the Upanishadic and the Vedanta foundations of Hinduism. Condemnation of rituals, ceremonies and blind faith. Due to this synthesising attitude Bhakti movement attained tremendous success. The status of women received more importance. The poem mentions their long association, bonding, anger, and disappointment. Pure devotion to a deity was most important aspect. 4. Copyright 10. Earlier, in the post-Vedic era, some gods and goddesses became famous among the worshippers, and since then, they started chanting the names of Shiva, Vishnu and Durga. 4. [141] These show Saivite, Vaishnavite and Hindu Brahmin monasteries revered Bhakti themes in China. Repetition of the True Name. [7], The Bhakti movement regionally developed around different gods and goddesses, and some sub-sects were Shaivism (Shiva), Vaishnavism (Vishnu), Shaktism (Shakti goddesses), and Smartism. [7] These poet-saints championed a wide range of philosophical positions within their society, ranging from the theistic dualism of Dvaita to the absolute monism of Advaita Vedanta. As Bhakti movement stressed upon Bhakti or a passionate feeling of love for God, purification of the self was very essential for them. Before uploading and sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Saundarya Lahari, written in Sanskrit by Adi Shankara, was translated into Tamil in the 12th century by Virai Kaviraja Pandithar, who titled the book Abhirami Paadal.