The appeal to political sentiment: An analysis of Donald Trump's and Hillary Clinton's speech themes and discourse strategies in the 2016 US presidential election. On the other hand, Clinton could want to accentuate the human aspect and uses in this case the word immigrants. 2, the intertextual distance is computed according to topical words, and no word used to draw Fig. Article. On the other hand, OMalley shows the smallest Q-index value indicating more a text oriented toward description. Also grounded on several dictionaries (or categories), Young and Soroka (2012) describe how one can detect and measure sentiments appearing in political texts. The previous section focusses mainly on stylistic features, both at the lexical and syntactical level. The authors scrutinized the role of the audience in Bush's and Obama's victory speeches. More often however, such displays correspond to scatterplots, principal component analysis views, or correspondence analysis figures (Lebart et al., 1998; Greenacre, 2017). Looking at her most specific sentences, Clinton tends to produce rather long sentences reflecting a more complex reasoning. Webb (D)) or two debates (e.g. A modern president must be able to use speech and rhetoric to his or her strongest advantage to anticipate, address or mediate crisis (Davis & Gardner, 2012). Although a thorough understanding of effective oral, written, and visual communication can take years of study, the foundation of effective communication begins with rhetoric. For example, G. W. Bush used more frequently the pronoun I, positive emotion words (e.g. development of genres of presidential speeches, and miscellaneous articles on various ancillary topics dealing with presidential rhetoric. xZs8b5I&3;{p3_-Gv655-?-)_n g,~ "F+ ~|z-}swG\TssT^X^_,o,b/-_,k]$^Rd nW.rx One can consider that electoral speeches delivered by the candidates correspond also to an oral communication form and thus can be included in our corpus. Just after the announcement of his candidacy for President (16 June 2015), his candidacy was mainly viewed as marginal, without pertinent interest, and without a real future. The relationship of some candidates to their origin is also represented (Ohio with Kasich, Texas for Cruz, Kentucky with Paul, Maryland for OMalley). Reserve the library for Session Three so the students can do research on their speeches. sad, worthless, cut, lost) and physical words (e.g. 3 0 obj He supports his claim by using massive amounts of parallel structure and strong word choice. The total number of lemmas in part P0 (or its length) is denoted n0, similarly with P1 and n1, and the length of the entire corpus is defined by n = n0 + n1. Using the transcripts of the TV debates, the LD values vary from 36.6% (Trump) to 44.6% (Cruz). Presidential Studies Quarterly To have a better overall measurement of the topical concentration of a text, The intertextual distance between Text A and Text B is computed according to, This formulation assumes that both texts have the same length (, Vote for me. The third section presents briefly some statistics about our corpus. The author uses rhetorical strategies to create a tone of pity and contempt for Phil, which shows how people who prioritize work over life are sad creatures who hurt the people around them. Wiley has partnerships with many of the worlds leading societies and publishes over 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols in STMS subjects. Bush, Kasich) with OMalley having a very distinctive style in this point of view. Me and the Congress?). One can compare them to those employed by US presidents in their inaugural addresses (Kubt and Cech, 2016). 1. How? To highlight the different styles adopted by the candidates, Biber and Conrad (2009) indicate that such a study should be based on ubiquitous and frequent forms. family, man, person, etc.). To analyze the rhetoric and style of presidential writings, the first quantitative linguistics studies focused on the word usages and their frequencies. Therefore, the two forms of communication must be analyzed separately. The maximum value is shown in bold, and the minimum in italics. Set up students inheterogeneousgroups of four. Moreover, usually the we is more associated with the government, the president, or the prime minister (Pennebaker, 2011). Which phrases from the excerpt include loaded words intended to evoke a sense of fear? As previously with Trump, the first person singular pronoun is clearly over-used (I, me). A rhetorical analysis essay is assigned to students at different academic levels. Even if pronouns are more frequent in dialogue or in oral form than in written communication (Biber and Conrad, 2009), the high frequency of I and we is a fundamental characteristic of political speech. Traditionally, teachers have encouraged students to engage with and interpret literaturenovels, poems, short stories, and plays. As an interesting first case, one can analyze the most characteristic sentence from Kasichs comments, which is the following: I have balanced budgets, the federal budget, the state of Ohio budget, we're running a 2 billion dollar surplus, were up 400,000 jobs, and in Washington we were able to have significant job growth whenever we balanced the budget of which I was the architect. (J. Kasich, 6 February 2016). He's also changed the way political leaders talk. What is the occasion for the speech? Determine the cost of goods sold for 210,000 units, assuming a FIFO cost flow, a. causes the effective price to sellers to increase, b. affects the welfare of buyers of the good but not the welfare of sellers, c. causes the equilibrium quantity of the good to decrease, d. creates a burden that is usually borne entirely by the sellers of the good. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. So, you know, a typical president would sit down with a reporter and answer questions. Even if the topics are not directly and fully controlled by the candidates, the debate format corresponds to a more spontaneous form of communication, able to reveal more closely the real person behind her/his projected image. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. Two main syntactic constructions can be selected by the speaker, namely, using more frequently verb phrases (composed of verbs and adverbs), or choosing more often noun phrases (with nouns, adjectives, determiners, and prepositions). A more interesting finding is the presence of the pronoun I in the most over-used terms by only two runners: Trump and Clinton. You will first choose the speech you will analyze for the final speech. The "Great Speeches Collection" from The History Place are available here in print and in audio. . Such differences tend to be correlated with psychological factors. The frequency table reveals that some lexical terms can appear before the h-point. Carson (R) or Christie (R)). But I watch you a lot. A large negative Z score (less than -) indicates than the corresponding term is significantly under-used in P0. And during his four years in the White House, he has left a mark on American politics and policies. From this h-point, one can assume that types appearing before the hth rank are function words while those occurring after correspond to lexical or topical words (the very vocabulary). We'll see. How can one define them, and, from a statistical point of view, be sure that the proposed terms are significantly over-used by the candidate? What are the main purposes of this speech? Many people assume that the speaker (president, senator, etc.) The presence of Bernie Sanders occupying a position more on the left demonstrates that the Democratic primaries were more difficult than expected. This estimator has the drawback of being instable, tending to decrease with text length (Baayen, 2008). What was the speaker up against? The value of this talent is also highly desirable among employers in . Students study Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech and work in groups to create a mural that depicts Dr. King's vision of peace. To help your students analyze these primary sources, get a graphic organizer and guides: Analysis Tool and Guides Each presidential speech is unique. This aspect could be related to her first years at the White House as an overqualified First Lady who wanted to play a principal role in politics (e.g. Speeches are special kinds of arguments and should be analyzed as such. The beginning finished goods inventory was 25,000 units at$310,000. The 2016 US presidential election was characterized by two figures, both unloved by the majority of Americans (Yourish, 2016). They defined the psychological portrait both on single measurements (e.g. Basic-level words tend to be short. This date in history marks the inauguration of a number of U.S. Presidents. When considering the most frequent lemmas, he is the single candidate to have the pronoun I is the second rank (after the article the). PSQ's distinguished contributors are leading scholars and professionals in political science, history, and communications. Once the speechwriter is identified, it is easier to find information on the speech. W 2K Words to Know Fill in this table as you work through the lesson. Currently, the preference goes to a shorter formulation, simpler to understand for the audience. After gaining skill through analyzing a historic and contemporary speech as a class, students will select a famous speech from a list compiled from several resourcesand write an essay that identifies and explains the rhetorical strategies that the author deliberately chose while crafting the text to make an effective argument. Four global stylistic measurements according to TV debates. Two speeches during the American presidential campaign of 2008 are analyzed: one speech . Yesterday, December 7, 1941a date which will live in infamythe United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. Applying this procedure, the term specificity can be computed according to the text P0. O to convince the audience that there are limited options. The difference between these two candidates is characteristic, with OMalley more oriented toward an explanation requiring usually more nouns while Trump turns toward the action and its high usage of verbs. Rhetoric can be defined as the ability to determine how to best communicate in a given situation. This computation technique has been adopted. Heres one example from the past you could use: Continue the work from the previous session by distributing the, Tell students they will be getting additional practice with analyzing a speech as an argument by showing a short. The president must make a speech that appeals to the audience while being professional. Basic-level words are easily remembered; those messages will be best recalled that use basic-level language. (Lakoff and Wehling, 2012, p. 41). Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. (2003) describe a methodology to extract political positions from texts. Le discours gouvernemental. To achieve this, the computation ignored all functional words for all texts. 8 25 As a first indicator, one can consider the mean sentence length (MSL) reflecting a syntactical choice. Donald Trump instead attacks, right? Grounded on this measure, one can compute the intertextual distance between all nine candidates. Skills: In completing this assignment, you will practice the following skills that are essential to your success at MCC and your professional life beyond school. MERCIECA: Absolutely. For the modern American president, the ability to be an effective public speaker can make all the difference in terms of the perception of the intelligence of any given commander-in-chief of the most powerful nation on earth. This is a good date to look at famous speeches and what they include and why. In this essay, I will analyze the rhetorical situation of the historical speech "The Challenger Address" delivered by the 40th president of the United States, Ronald Reagan. All rights reserved. NPR's Ari Shapiro talks with Jennifer Mercieca, a historian of American political rhetoric, about how President Trump has changed the way Americans talk about politics, the government and each other. In Table 5, the second row indicates the PTC values for all candidates, showing clearly that Sanders presents the highest PTC value (12.12%) while OMalley exposes the smallest (4.26%). the Congress) and these studies are mainly grounded on the written form. worldwide war, deep economic depression) may change noticeably the style. Rhetorical Strategies in Speeches: Rhetorical devices are often utilized during speeches. In common, one can find the terms people, or country. And that has had great benefit for him because he's allowed to, you know, increase the distrust between his followers and the mainstream media. They can peruse print or online news sources to select a current event that interests them. we, us, ours, or wars, war) or lemmas (dictionary entries such as we or war from the previous example) often lead to similar conclusions. When giving a . The strategies used in developing the structure of the speech and the rhetorical strategies are closely connected. And so what that means is that you can't predict who exactly will respond, but you can predict with certainty that someone will respond. Lead a discussion of the speech as an argument with regard to purpose and intent. Mandela's written speech is eloquently written, in flowing sentences with dramatic and convincing language. If a state does not appear in the drop-down, standard alignments are not currently available for that state. One possible approach is to extract a reduced set of specific sentences from each candidate. and appeals before you start. It should be noted that, regarding the four indices, Clinton is closer to OMalley or Cruz than to Trump. Oftentimes, students assume the speaker is the author, and thats sometimes not the case. To analyze the rhetoric and style adopted by the candidates during the primaries of the 2016 US primary election, the transcripts of the TV debates have been downloaded from the Internet (mainly from the Web site www.presidency.ucsb.edu). Pathos-based rhetorical strategies are any strategies that get the audience to "open up" to the topic, the argument, or to the author. The style of the written messages (evident in prepared statements by the candidates) differs from the oral dialogue (Biber et al., 2002). Subjects: . Students then evaluate the impact of the As the English language has a relatively simple morphology, working on inflected forms (e.g. The full speech only took President Lincoln 6-7 minutes to read in its entirety. . Rhetorical strategies are the mechanisms used during communication that encourage action or persuade others. The third longest distance (0.467) can be found between Cruz and OMalley. Clinton appears with the largest number of tokens, followed by Sanders, Trump, Rubio, and Cruz. In the current study, the stylistic elements will be the words appearing in the functional words list (409 entries), and used previously in defining the LD measure. Taking another strategy, one can use the h-point splitting the vocabulary into two parts. As another example, Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC; Tausczik and Pennebaker, 2010) regroups different categories used to evaluate the authors psychological status (e.g. Trump's intended audience while giving the speech is to his loyal supporters. Those terms correspond to recurrent thematic words or expressions on which the author wants to insist. A relatively high LD percentage indicates a more complex text, containing more information. h-point and most frequently used thematic words per candidate. Select two options. As one can see, the first-person pronoun (I or we) appears relatively high in this list (but does not appear in the top ten positions in the Brown corpus), and to a lesser extent you or it. Here the candidate wants to put forward his competence in generating balanced budgets as Governor of Ohio. Les mots qui nous gouvernent. Our online platform, Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) is one of the worlds most extensive multidisciplinary collections of online resources, covering life, health, social and physical sciences, and humanities. Note. Step 1: Identify a Speech. The class should discuss audience and the importance of identifying the audience for speeches, since they occur in particular moments in time and are delivered to specific audiences. such as press releases; Labb and Monire, 2013). To achieve this objective, this study analyzes the oral communication forms used by the candidates during the TV debates. From the set of the ten most over-used terms corresponding to H. Clinton depicted in Table 6, the first following sentence contains four (Senator, Sanders, to, I). The next section presents some related research in computer-based analysis of political speeches. And what I mean by that is he took advantage of preexisting distrust and polarization and frustration, and he used rhetorical strategies that were designed to make all of those things worse. The underlying idea is to quantify the activity by verbs while the descriptiveness of a text is represented by the proportion of adjectives. Among his most specific terms, one can see Mexico, and deal reflecting two of his main concerns (immigration, and commercial trade agreements). That is the consequence of Trump's war rhetoric. The last row of Table 4 reports the values of this Q-index for all candidates. With this information one can derive the lemma by removing the plural form of nouns (e.g. In a related study using a training corpus, Laver et al. %PDF-1.7 During the 2016 primaries, the average value per candidate reported in Table 3 (label MSL) confirms this tendency with a mean varying from 21.9 (OMalley) to 13.7 (Trump).
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