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The social impact of majorities and minorities. As an illustration of the epistemic value of the time perspective approach to understanding the consequences of successful minority influence, and a test of the above-mentioned Hypothesis 1, consider a longitudinal study that examined reactions of a minority faction within a group who successfully converted a sufficient number of majority members to its position to effectively turn themselves into a new majority and ipso facto, the former majority into a new minority (Prislin and Christensen, 2005b, Study 2). Jung, J., Bramson, A., Crano, W. D., Page, S. E., and Miller, J. H. (2021). Nemeth, C. J., and Walacher, J. Bull. 37, 725746. Soc. 1. eds. Creative problem-solving as a result of majority vs. minority influence. When successful, these minorities redefine what is acceptable within groups boundaries. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. eds. Tindale, R. S., Nadler, J., Krebel, A., and Davis, J. H. (2004). When a significant number of majority members publicly acknowledge their adoption of the minority position, a new norm is created, effectively turning the initial minority into the majority and vice versa. These findings document how social constructions of influence attempts and group memberships evolve over time, as do reactions to subsequent changes. In doing so, minorities make themselves visibly non-normative, hence, creating a social conflict. Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01088.x, Tanford, S., and Penrod, S. (1984). Being in a minority is a social condition, often characterized by adverse outcomes, tangible and intangible alike (for review, see Prislin and Christensen, 2005a). Bull. Similarly, although minorities may partially satisfy their motive for social acceptance within their faction, to be fully integrated within a group, they must seek broader acceptance. 15, 323355. Groups in which members are obedient to accepted norms tend to engage in groupthink, whereby long-held views are upheld without question. As for the measures of the minority impact, the two frameworks paint a somewhat different picture: The Information processing (persuasion) framework suggests that the impact is most evident on private responses to indirect measures of attitudes toward issues tangentially related to the object of a minority advocacy (Wood et al., 1994; but see Glaser et al., 2015). J. J. Pers. 67, 519. Nemeth, C. J. and Wachtler, J. The daunting complexity of the social influence dynamics is challenging to capture in a formal model, much less empirical research. 97, 811822. A person subjected to majority influence will try to gain the acceptance of a group by complying with its norms, but may retain their private views contravening those of the majority. These patterns of socially regulated persuasiveness were documented by coding video-taped sources verbal advocacy (Study 1) and by coding their written advocacy as well as an independent audiences reactions to their written advocacy (Study 2). Toward a theory of conversion behavior, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Creative problem solving as a result of majority vs minority influence. doi: 10.2307/20159311, Butera, F., Batruch, A., Autin, F., Mugny, G., Quiamzade, A., and Pulfrey, C. (2021). The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication. E. H. Witte and J. H. Davis (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 191210. A. Research on minority influence, which revitalized the field of social influence, is in need of revitalization itself. Imagine that you work for a local animal shelter and your goal is to increase the number of people who are willing to adopt a dog from the shelter. Given the racialized nature of our political parties, it also has electoral consequences. Minority influence: From groups to attitudes and back again, in Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes and Consequences. Martin, R., and Hewstone, M. (2008). Changement dattitude, influence minoritaire et courants sociaux [Attitude change, minority influence and social trends]. This phenomenon, known as social cryptomnesia, often occurs when a person held negative views of the minority whose views they adopted. (2002). At the same time, their behavior style invites an attributional analysis that forces a majority to consider the merits of the minoritys non-normative position. Moscovici, S., Lage, E. and Naffrechoux, M. (1969). 1, 195228. At what point in time does it become public and sufficiently substantial to change social relations and social structure within a group? This unidirectional conceptualization postulated influence as flowing exclusively from a majority to a minority. Variables which affect the efficacy of minority influence include: Moscovici found that members of a group are more likely to accept the opinion of a minority if the view is expressed with consistency. 17, 475482. (2011). New York: Cambridge University Press. Minority influence, in The Oxford Handbook of Social Influence. Paicheler, G., and Flath, E. (1988). Shared reality: Motivated connection and motivated cognition, in Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles. 31, 595609. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Instead of identifying with the minority group, individuals will dissociate the minority views from the people who promoted them. Majority influence occurs when the beliefs held by the larger number of individuals in the current social group prevail. Three concepts: minority, conflict, and behavioral style, in Minority Influence. People who identify as white hold disproportionate power and resources today, and this pernicious reality seems unlikely to change even if white people do become a 49 percent plurality in about two decades. Understanding their motivations is in the core of psychological approaches to social action, with different models emphasizing a variety of motives that reflect groups moral, fairness, and identity standards. In these lines of research, group-level outcomes (e.g., consensual decisions, problem solving) are of focal interest, with minority influence being one of the multitude of processes underlying such outcomes. Yet, most studies on social influence, including minority influence, are one-time affairs that examine the effects of single appeals or single group encounters at a discrete point in time. Rather, it has focused dominantly on the cognitive processes and attitudinal change in response to a minority advocacy or minority mere presence, and, to a lesser degree, to the role of minority influence in decision-making and task groups. Nemeth, C. J. In what follows, the importance of these factors is discussed and illustrated by a few initial explorations. Psychol. His American nationalism was defiantly civic rather than only ethnic or racial in nature. Cyberbullying has become more prevalent with increasing technological advances in our society. Future Americans will identify with new communities. Whereas turning opponents to supporters appeared to make successful minorities smarter, successfully retaining initially won support did not affect successful majoritys persuasibility. This can lead to the majority taking the minority view seriously. The majority will therefore be more likely to question their own views. In order to change the majorities view the minority has to propose a clear position and has to defend and advocate its position consistently. Klandermans, B. 5 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Minorities Effect Social Change Over Time, Winning a Competition in Influence Exerted for Various Reasons, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States. L. Berkowitz (New York: Academic Press), 209239. (1990). 3. eds. Tight cultures differ from loose cultures in that they. The unknown of the new position, it was hypothesized, was largely due to the seemingly contradictory meaning of the conversion or former opponents sway to the minority position that underlies social change. When accompanied with a sense of group efficacy, they fuel social actions aimed as social change that will improve minority (disadvantaged) groups conditions (for review, see van Zomeren, 2015, see also Klandermans, 1997). 2. Yet, a potential majority advocacy for change and, ipso facto, minority advocacy for the status quo (e.g., conservative minorities, see Levine and Kaarbo, 2001) is always an outgrowth of what at the start was a minority idea. These minorities, often primarily motivated to broaden their social acceptance, are likely to seek social change advocating for tolerance. Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2009). doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.5, Baumeister, R. F., and Leary, M. R. (1995). Whilst minority influence has led to their internalisation of environmentalist ideas, they reject the notion that the group was responsible for their new recycling routine and maintain a negative view of the minority group. M. Mikulincer and P. R. Shafer, (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 507533. The model postulates that the many comparative advantages of the majority position over the minority position generally result in the former being preferred over the later. Jury trials: psychology and law, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Rev. Butera, F., Falomir-Pichastor, J. M., Mugny, G., and Quimzdale, A. Despite his susceptibility to Psychol. d. guilt and shame. Minority influence research was sparked by Moscovicis observation about the power of active minorities to instigate social change. S. Moscovici, G. Mugny, and V. Avermaet (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press), 113138. eds. P. van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, and E. T. Higgins (Los Angeles: Sage), 362378. Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Up to 5 incorrect questions that you can provide the reason as to why that answer is, Q#14 getting paid a lot of money to do things that violate ones core values, as compared to, getting no money to violate ones values should, Q#16 if you decide to buy new clothes that fit the latest trend just to blend in with others, you. doi: 10.1037/a0016169, Prislin, R., Limbert, W. M., and Bauer, E. (2000). eds. The Social Psychology of Protest. Psychological processes in social action, in APA Handbook of Personality and social Psychology. I am not arguing that the Census Bureau should stop collecting this valuable data, la Frances farcical attempt to be secular and race blind. Two lines of research: One on group decision-making, and another on the impact that newcomers to groups make, provide alternative approaches to the study of minority influence.4 Within these lines of research, minority influence is addressed in the context of interacting groups, with minority and majority positions publicly advocated and hence, memberships in minority and majority factions actively experienced. Group conversion versus group expansion as modes of change in majority and minority positions: All losses hurt but only some gains gratify. Bull. How is that private change communicated over time? A look at how social influence affects opinions and behavior. 42, 2530. Anyone can read what you share. Also, it has informed efforts to address such important issues as jury deliberations (Nemeth, 1981), minority victimization (Moscovici and Prez, 2007), terrorism (Chen and Kruglanski, 2009), educational reform (Butera et al., 2021), climate change (Bolderdijk and Jans, 2021), and dietary practices (De Groeve and Rosenfeld, 2022). Self-definition, defensive processing, and influence: The normative impact of majority and minority groups. Minority Influence on Focal and Related Attitudes: Change in Size, Attributions, and Information Processing. Vol. D. Albarracn, B. T. Johnson, and M. P. Zanna (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum), 671706. Emily is in a good mood. The leniency contract and persistence of majority and minority influence. Chen, X., and Kruglanski, A. W. (2009). From majority to minority and vice versa: The asymmetrical effects of losing and gaining majority position within a group. Mugny, G. (1982). Soc. Prislin, R., Crowder, M., and Donnelly, K. (2017). Whereas these two motives for exerting social influence fit the classical dual-motive scheme for responding to social influence (Deutsch and Gerard, 1955), the third, social control motive has been largely neglected in the social influence literature. Those who are non-normative and few originate every social change, seeking to alter the mechanisms within the social structure, including social relations and social organization. reciprocal concessions (door-in-the-face). Levine, J. M., and Tindale, R. S. (2015). In this instance, groupthink can lead to the factory becoming uncompetitive, whilstits competitors adopt more efficient practices. WebContends that in most studies comparing majority and minority influence, there is an emphasis on influence in the sense of prevailing. Also, the authors own line of research on group dynamics in the aftermath of social change could be added to this minority category in that its focus on group dynamics is underrepresented in minority influence research (Prislin, 2010; Prislin et al., 2017). Psychol. Social influence in groups, in Group Processes. Although these actions may include members of both minority groups who are typically disadvantaged and members of majority groups who are typically advantaged, it is almost invariably the former who initiate social actions. Try the easy-to-remember FORM technique, A new study claims that appreciation of black humor is a sign of intelligence, Asch: Social Influence, Conforming in Groups. Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment revealed how social roles can influence How Theodor Adorno's F-scale aimed to identify fascism and authoritarian How false memories are created and can affect our ability to recall events. Figure 1. One obvious example are elites, though, it could be argued that they represent numerical minorities but not necessarily non-normative minorities.