This evening I would like to discuss the: Before I go any further I would like to show a quick clip this is part of our Racism. They find that diversity in education and nationality have a positive impact on product innovation for a firm. So why do we talk about social cohesion? [8] Ozgen C, Nijkamp P and J.Poot (2013), The Impact of Cultural Diversity on Firm Innovation: Evidence from Dutch micro-data, IZA Journal of Migration, Vol. Strong community engagement provides opportunity, builds wealth, promotes social harmony, and ensures greater equality and justice for all citizens. Feat. But they have also fuelled growing tensions and division, illustrated by Donald Trumps most recent race controversy. The survey was shared by the countrys main national HR Association and in total around 2400 HR professionals in eight OECD countries (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Portugal and Spain) participated. In addition to the narrow definition the Commission has expressed its concern about the breadth of the exemption in subsection (4) of the exposure draft. [46] Kemeny,T. and A.Cooke (2017), Urban Immigrant Diversity and Inclusive Institutions, Economic Geography, Vol. [38] Tolsma,J., T.van der Meer and M.Gesthuizen (2009), The impact of neighbourhood and municipality characteristics on social cohesion in the Netherlands. This relationship is even stronger in more densely populated areas, pointing to possible agglomeration effects, i.e. But after a period of four to eight years, individuals started to report mixing with people from different backgrounds, which improves their trust in others, promoting a positive impact on their quality of life. For France, there is also evidence that biased managers have a negative impact on how ethnic minorities perform on the job. Carter etal. The ethnic and religious composition of many modern societies has been dramatically changed by global modernisation. Miles Hewstone received funding for the project discussed in this article from the Nuffield Foundation. The Australian Human Rights Commission was established as an independent statutory authority in 1986 through legislation that is now called the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth). 6, pp. Neighborhood Diversity, Interpersonal Trust and the Mediating Effect of Social Interactions. This indicates that attitudes towards redistribution are not primarily influenced by ethnic diversity, but rather by the socio-economic status of migrants and possibly an assumed dependence on social welfare benefits. The Australian Human Rights Commission is in a special position to make this observation because we handle over 17,000 inquiries and formal complaints each year. This suggests that there may be an optimal level of migrant diversity when it comes to innovation (Dohse and Gold, 2014[6]). Making Diversity Work for All, (stergaard, Timmermans and Kristinsson, 2011[11]), (Parrotta, Pozzoli and Pytlikova, 2014[12]), (Alesina, Harnoss and Rapoport, 2016[26]), Tolsma, van der Meer and Gesthuizen, 2009[38], (Alesina, Harnoss and Rapoport, 2014[42]), [2] Balestra,C. and L.Fleischer (2018), Diversity statistics in the OECD:How do OECD countries collect data on ethnic, racial and indigenous identity?. [36] Dinesen,P. and K.Snderskov (2017), Ethnic Diversity and Social Trust: A Critical Review of the Literature and Suggestions for a Research Agenda, in Uslaner,E. When asked: Have you experienced discrimination because of your skin colour, ethnic origin or religion? 19% of respondents answered yes to the question; an increase of 7% on the previous year. 709-743. [24] Gonzalez,J. and A.Denisi (2009), Crosslevel effects of demography and diversity climate on organizational attachment and firm effectiveness, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 30, pp. As individuals we all have the capacity to combat racial discrimination and change attitudes about racism. The Commissions position is that in the current form, the exposure Bill as drafted should not proceed. Economic arguments can only serve to reinforce the obligation of ensuring the labour market inclusion of diverse groups rooted in the idea of promoting a society that is just and equitable, valuing diversity, providing equal opportunities to all its members, irrespective of their various characteristics. The Commission conducted consultations as part of the National Anti-Racism Strategy, we asked respondents to tell us how racism made them feel. [8] A study conducted by Dunn and colleagues in 2008 found that around one in five Australians say they have experienced race-hate talk, such as verbal abuse, racial slurs or name-calling, and more than one in 20 say they have been physically attacked because of their race. Our culturally diverse society is now made up of people with origins in over 200 nations. Another study including around 200 European regions suggests that the impact of migrant diversity on innovation is positive and shows an inverse U-shape relationship. In addition, respondents were asked about the motivation behind these policies, whether outcomes where monitored and evaluated, and what kind of obstacles they had experienced. These demographic changes are having a major impact across many spheres of life, including the workplace, neighbourhood environments, schools and nations. Social Capital and Race in British Neighbourhoods. 444-462. Although internationally we are often seen as a good example of multicultural society that welcomes diversity, racism does exist in Australian society. And when this occurs, this positive effect of diversity trumps the initial challenges. (2010[17]) present similar results for the impact of ethnic diversity in boards in the UnitedStates, which is found to have no significant impact on firm performance. They provide that national institutions should have a broad mandate based on universal human rights standards, be autonomous and independent from government, have a pluralistic structure and operate in a pluralistic manner, have adequate resources, and have adequate powers of investigation. It is a combination of our differences that shape our view of the world, our perspective and our approach[1]. 2015/1. Assessing the macro-economic impact of diversity is not straightforward. (2015), Does Gender Matter? Iftar is one of the religious observances of Ramadan and is often done as a community, with people gathering to break their fast together. [37] Letki,N. (2008), Does Diversity Erode Social Cohesion? Note: (+) = impact is positive and statistically significant; (-) = impact is negative and statistically significant; (/) = impact is statistically insignificant. [34] Alesina,A. and E.La Ferrara (2005), Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance. few, but comparatively larger country of origin groups living in counties with a American-born majority, has the opposite effect. One study on the country-level impact is provided by Chellaraj, Maskus and Mattoo (2008[3]), analysing the impact of the share of foreign graduate students on patent applications, patent grants and non-university patent grants in the UnitedStates from 1963-2001. The Aboriginal peoples developed their accommodation with the environment over a period of at least 40,000 years, during which time they had little contact with the outside world. 57-75. Traditionally but not mandatory, three dates are eaten to break the fast in emulation of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, who broke his fast in this manner. Sections 18C and D of the Racial Hatred Bill 1995 were introduced at the request of the Australian Institute of Jewish affairs, and leaders of the Italian, Greek, Vietnamese and Chinese communities, following a National inquiry into Racist Violence conducted by Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (now the AHRC), the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody Report in 1991 and the Report of the Law Reform Commission on Multiculturalism and the Law, the following year. This appears to be linked to biased managers interacting less with minorities, thereby leading minorities to exert less effort (Glover, Pallais and Pariente, 2017[25]). 227-239. It happened. Social diversity is a global issue and it has contributed to major geopolitical events such as Brexit and the fractious nature of the European refugee crisis. [42] Alesina,A., J.Harnoss and H.Rapoport (2014), Immigration, Diversity and Attitudes to Redistribution: A European Perspective. 144-179. In Europe, research has also found a positive relationship between innovation and the share of the foreign-born population on a regional level (Ozgen, Nijkamp and Poot, 2012[5]). I encourage you all to go on to the Racism. Studies have shown that good governance on a country and regional level increase generalised trust and render an otherwise negative impact of diversity insignificant (Murtin etal., 2018[45]; Delhey and Newton, 2005[41]). [49] Baert,S., B.Cockx and N.Gheyle (2015), Is There Less Discrimination in Occupations Where Recruitment Is Difficult?, ILR Review, Vol. Indeed, the link between all human rights based complaints and employment is very strong as people know almost instinctively, that if they are denied access to work, they will find it very hard to succeed in building their lives, educating their children and securing their futures. [9]http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/adam-goodes-again-targeted-as-clubs-condemn-racist-fans-20140520-zrib6.html#ixzz35RGME0UZ, Social cohesion in a multicultural Australia: The importance of human rights, Copyright Australian Human Rights Commission, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mtw5ZAtbaY, http://www.scanlonfoundation.org.au/research.html, http://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/briefings/immigration-diversity-and-social-cohesion, http://undesadspd.org/SocialIntegration/Definition.aspx, http://www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/settlement-and-multicultural-affairs/publications/current-and-emerging-drivers-for-social-cohesion-social-division-and-conflict-in-multicultural-australia, www.uws.edu.au/social_sciences/soss/research/challenging_racism/findings_by_region, http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/adam-goodes-again-targeted-as-clubs-condemn-racist-fans-20140520-zrib6.html#ixzz35RGME0UZ, The concept of social cohesion, and its relationship to human rights in particular racial discrimination, The role of the Australian Human Rights Commission and how we contribute to social cohesion by addressing racial discrimination and vilification in Australia. Furthermore, gender-diverse boards allocate more effort to monitoring, while CEO compensation is found to be more sensitive to stock performance. The effects are major deepen and expansive then merely hurt feelings. The supporting HR Associations included the Australian HR Institute (AHRI), Chartered Professionals in Human Resources (CPHR, Canada) and Human Resources Professionals Association (HRPA, Canada), Association Nationale des DRH (ANDRH, France), Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Personalfhrung (DGFP, Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Direzione del Personale (AIDP, Italy), HR Norge (Norway), Associao Portuguesa de Gesto das Pessoas (APG, Portugal) and Fundacin para el Desarrollo de la Funcin de Recursos Humanos Fundipe (Spain). This means that findings are not representative of all sectors or even firms within that sector. Select one or more items in both lists to browse for the relevant content, Browse the selectedThemes and / or countries. The process costs nothing to complainant or respondent, and very few cases ever go on to the Federal Courts. In recent years the Australian Multicultural Council has played an important leadership role in this regard. While we must celebrate these important achievements this survey reminds us that racism is a pervasive issue in Australia, and is a significant impediment to social cohesion and low levels of social cohesion can have long term implication on a nations productivity and prosperity. [10] McGuirk,H. and D.Jordan (2012), Local labour market diversity and business innovation: evidence from Irish manufacturing businesses, European Planning Studies, Vol. [9] Brunow,S. and B.Stockinger (2013), Establishments and regions cultural diversity as a source of innovation: Evidence from Germany, NORFACE Discussion Paper, No. At http://www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/settlement-and-multicultural-affairs/publications/current-and-emerging-drivers-for-social-cohesion-social-division-and-conflict-in-multicultural-australia (viewed 23 June 2014). However, the relationship between diversity and social cohesion is not clear-cut. [18] Trax,M., S.Brunow and J.Suedekum (2015), Cultural diversity and plant-level productivity. What does significant diversity mean? Under the leadership of Judge Rauf Soulio the AMC has acted as an important adviser to the Government on multicultural affairs and has been a champion in advancing multiculturalism. Finally, the chapter notes ethical reasons for fostering a just and equitable labour market alongside the economic argument for diversity. 2. Retaining Long-Term Employees 3. Particularly the last group is found to boost innovation considerably (Hunt and Gauthier-Loiselle, 2010[4]). It is a basic human right one that we all share in common; a right enshrined in the Universal Declaration and a number of other treaties that make up the body of international law. (2010), The Gender and Ethnic Diversity of US Boards and Board Committees and Firm Financial Performance, Corporate Governance: An International Review, Vol. Hip-hop artist Brothablack deals with racism and bullying in schools; script and actors by students at the James Mitchell School in Sydney. In comparison with the previous reporting year, in 2012-13 we saw: Most complaints under the Racial Discrimination Act are about employment. [43] Stolle,D., S.Soroka and R.Johnston (2008), When Does Diversity Erode Trust? In addition, findings suggest that these economic differences actually lead to lower public goods provision, particularly in countries with weaker democratic structures (Baldwin and Huber, 2010[40]). Accounting for these characteristics generally increases the size of the relationship between team performance and diversity and therefore partially explains the mixed results of individual studies. 18/5, pp. gender board diversity explained around two-tenths of the 1% variance in company performance, while on other indicators, such as stock performance and shareholder returns, the effect was not statistically significant. Overall, however, the literature does not allow to make a strong business case; neither for nor against increasing the share of women in company boards. Prosperity in diversity. (2018), Birthplace Diversity and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Us States in the Post-World War II Period, IZA Discussion Paper Series, No. Female directors appear to have better attendance records than male directors and the attendance of male directors improves following the entry of female members in the board of directors. [50] Verbeek,S. (2012), Do hard diversity policies increase ethnic minority representation? 467-500, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793915570873. Lecturer in Environmental Art - School of Art and Design. To do this, we performed bivariate and multiple regression analyses predicting attitudes . [33] Ager,P. and M.Brckner (2013), Cultural diversity and economic growth: Evidence from the US during the age of mass migration, European Economic Review, Vol. 33/6, pp. In this report, we explored factors related to whether people thought an increasing number of people of many different races, ethnic groups and nationalities made their country a better place to live. 104/4, pp. [41] Delhey,J. and K.Newton (2005), Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism?, European Sociological Review, Vol. We intervene in court proceedings that involve human rights issues; we examine laws relating to certain rights and often propose improvements to those laws; (eg: We conduct research and propose new policy and standards which would promote the enjoyment of human rights (eg: Age discrimination research reports; sexual abuse in the Australian Defence Force). The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford. [15] Ferrari,G. etal. [8] Ozgen C, Nijkamp P and J.Poot (2013), The Impact of Cultural Diversity on Firm Innovation: Evidence from Dutch micro-data. In the second reading speech for the Bill the Attorney-General, Michael Lavarch, stated that: It needs to be recognised that racial hatred does not exist in a vacuumit provides a climate in which people of a particular race or ethnic origin live in fear and in which discrimination can thrive. We accept and try to resolve by conciliation individual complaints of discrimination and human rights under the four major pieces of legislation. This provision is so broad it is difficult to see any circumstances in public to which the protections would apply. [13] Post,C. and K.Byron (2015), Women on Boards and Firm Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis. To answer this, we examined the psychological mechanisms involved in these processes. A number of studies make a difference between highly job-related diversity, such as educational background, job position or function in the company, and diversity aspects that are less job-related, e.g. 1945-1960. By 2031, it is estimated that this number will exceed one million, with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people comprising 3.9 per cent of the population. Racism. These include the AFL, Cricket Australia, Telstra, ANZ Bank, SBS, Universities Australia to name a few. perceptions of whether others can be generally trusted. The report emphasises that racism and discrimination disrupt all social cohesion dimensions this was evident from national and international literature and also the community case studies that were conducted as part of their research. Social Integration. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice tothe status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In 2016, more than one-third (37%) of Australians aged 65 and over were born overseas and one-fifth (20%) were born in a non . Lastly, how diversity influences social cohesion hinges on the quality of governance structures and institutions. Social Capital and Race in British Neighbourhoods, Political Studies, Vol. Recent Commission priorities lie in responding to racial vilification, especially online and also bullying in schools and the workplace. Australia's isolation as an island continent has done much to shapeand inhibitits culture. What is social impact? Females on Corporate Boards and Firm Financial Performance - A Meta-Analysis, [15] Ferrari,G. etal. In the context of increasingly diverse populations, there is a clear interest in gauging the economic impact of diversity. 22. It is generally accepted that these predispositions play a role in the formation of groups and the societal structures we live in. Thus, while there might not be a clear-cut business case for diversity, there is a strong social justice obligation, as well as a business case to prevent discrimination and non-inclusion. Similar results are found for US cities (Ottaviano and Peri, 2006[32]). Where possible, other forms of diversity (notably age and educational background) are also included. In 2012, the Federal Government launched the National Anti-Racism Strategy, an initiative of its multicultural policy, The People of Australia. [5] Ozgen,C., P.Nijkamp and J.Poot (2012), Immigration and innovation in European regions, in Nijkamp,N., J.Poot and M.Sahin (eds. As a nation we embraced this diversity and recognised the economic and social benefits that come this brings. 37/3, pp. By excluding people, you are making them more vulnerable to entrenched disadvantage. Following the latest incident, Esseden announced that they had cancelled the membership of one of their supporters who was, after an "extensive investigation", found to have abused Goodes. Term Definition; Diversity "The condition of having or being composed of differing elements" [4] Social Diversity "A successful community in which individuals of different race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, socioeconomic status, language, geographical origin, gender and/or sexual orientation bring their different knowledge, background, experience and interest for the benefit of their . Different results are found for Denmark, where age diversity is associated with a negative effect on innovation, which is defined as the introduction of a new product or service (stergaard, Timmermans and Kristinsson, 2011[11]). For example, Joshi and Roh (2009[22])find that higher shares of women and ethnic minorities have a small negative impact in majority male or white teams, but a positive impact when teams are more balanced. An Uphill Battle, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264281318-en (accessed on 5October2017). Some meta-analyses find no significant impact of gender composition, ethnicity or age on team performance (Horwitz and Horwitz, 2007[19]; Schneid etal., 2016[20]), while others find negative, but very small impacts (Bell etal., 2011[21]; Joshi and Roh, 2009[22])3.
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