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Developmental changes in glucose transport, lipid composition, and fluidity of jejunal BBM. Sasaki E, Shimada T, Osawa R, Nishitani Y, Spring S, Lang E. Isolation of tannin-degrading bacteria isolated from feces of the Japanese large wood mouse. Gouyon F, Caillaud L, Carriere V, Klein C, Dalet V, Citadelle D, Kellett GL, Thorens B, Leturque A, Brot-Laroche E. Simple-sugar meals target GLUT2 at enterocyte apical membranes to improve sugar absorption: A study in GLUT2-null mice. Indeed, lysozyme accounts for 10% of the total gastric mucosal protein and messenger RNA in ruminants. Paracellular absorption is important in many birds. Microbes and Health Sackler Colloquium: Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome. Under high glucose conditions, the inward flux of Na+ ions via SGLT1 results in depolarization of the membrane and Ca2+ influx, which, in turn, causes a large-scale reorganization of the cytoskeleton, facilitating access of proteins to the apical membrane. Exceptionally, SCFAs produced by the microbiota in the hindgut (e.g., mammalian colon and cecum) are absorbed across the hindgut wall by cells that are variously known as enterocytes, colonic enterocytes, or colonocytes. Do salivary proline-rich proteins counteract dietary hydrolysable tannin in laboratory rats? 5D), because bats in all diet groups digest protein. The cdxA protein, which was shown in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay to bind to the promoter region of SI in chicks (as it does in mammalssee Section Flexible adjustment of digestive enzymes to diet change), also rose during these few days prehatch (Fig. Some regulation of glucose transport activity by posttranscriptional mechanisms is suggested by the fact that transport did not change significantly during the week posthatch (348, 446, 452) whereas SGLT1 mRNA significantly increased (405). Pigs have large canines that start growing from birth. Cloning and expression analysis of three digestive enzymes from Atlantic halibut (. Jackson S, Diamond J. Ontogenetic development of gut function, growth, and metabolism in a wild bird, the Red Jungle Fowl. Research suggests antagonistic coevolution between plants and herbivores in which the plants produce a variety of PIs with specific action against different kinds of proteases and the animals produce digestive enzyme variants that are fairly insensitive to the PIs (237). There is now overwhelming physiological and molecular evidence for carrier-mediated uptake and also efflux across the apical membrane (Fig. These can be readily absorbed in the large intestine. The abdominal muscles found in a fetal pig are basically the same as those found in a human, explains Goshen College's Fetal Pig Dissection Guide. Hess M, Sczyrba A, Egan R, Kim TW, Chokhawala H, Schroth G, Luo S, Clark DS, Chen F, Zhang T, Mackie RI, Pennacchio LA, Tringe SG, Visel A, Woyke T, Wang Z, Rubin EM. Levey DJ, Karasov WH. Regulation of gut function varies with life-history traits in chuckwallas (Sauromalus obesus: Iguanidae), Tsahar E, Friedman J, Izhaki I. These advances have been especially marked in studies of changes in carbohydrases coincident with inclusion of starchy foods and milk products in the human diet. The evidence that these correlations represent evolutionary transitions is based on the bats diets mapped onto their hypothesized phylogeny, shown on the left. By dephosphorylating bacterial LPS, IAP reduces its toxicity. Postnatal ontogeny of intestinal GCPII and the RFC in pig. Most mammals and birds have a single gene copy that codes for lysozyme. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Some new proteolytic enzymes are produced, such as pancreatic trypsin and stomach pepsin and chitinase(s) (217), which increase the capacity to digest animal matter. The stomach has complex glandsin its wall. German DP, Horn MH, Gawlicka A. Digestive enzyme activities in herbivorous and carnivorous prickleback fishes (teleostei: Stichaeidae): Ontogenetic, dietary, and phylogenetic effects. Two have been identified in cutworms, Slctlp 1 and 2, and expression of the latter gene was analyzed in sixth instar larvae following molting from the fifth instar until pupation a week later (Fig. Thus, key digestive adaptations of most herbivores besides special compartment(s) to maintain a microbiota are adjustments in digestive compartment sizes and possession of other GI structures that slow the flow of digesta through the tract. Another general pattern interpretable in terms of Eqs. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Martinez TF, McAllister TA, Wang YX, Reuter T. Effects of tannic acid and quebracho tannins on in vitro ruminal fermentation of wheat and corn grain. Prudence M, Moal J, Boudry P, Daniel JY, Qur C, Jeffroy F, Mingant C, Ropert M, Bdier E, Van Wormhoudt A, Samain JF, Huvet A. Effects of diet quality on phenotypic flexibility of organ size and digestive function in Mongolian gerbils (. L-glucose absorption in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) is nonmediated. This is particularly evident among herbivorous fish, including various tropical perciforms (89). For humans and biomedical rodent models, the paracellular pathway makes a negligible contribution to absorption of many solutes. Sklan and colleagues (404406, 445, 446) and Planas and colleagues (16, 413) have studied the molecular basis for ontogenetic changes in carbohydrate digestion and absorption in chickens during the week before and after hatching. Dierenfeld ES, Hintz HF, Robertson JB, Van Soest PJ, Oftedal OT. The host breaks down the microbial wall with lysozyme and digestion and absorption of microbial protein occurs in the small intestine, followed by absorption of the amino acid, which enters the hosts amino acid pool. Coll M, Guershon M. Omnivory in terrestrial arthropods: Mixing plant and prey diets. Phylogenetically informed analyses of digestive enzymes in birds have revealed both dietary and phylogenetic influences. Toloza EM, Diamond J. Ontogenetic development of nutrient transporters in rat intestine. Zhang JZ, Zhang YP, Rosenberg HF. They found that phloridzin inhibited whole-animal glucose absorption efficiency by more than 36% in laboratory rats, whereas it did not significantly decrease glucose absorption in American robins (408). Fractional absorption of the passively absorbed probes declined with increasing molecule size and differed significantly between the two taxa, although the difference diminished with increasing molecule size. Although the entire length of the GI tract is colonized by microorganisms in most animals, the highest microbial densities and abundance tend to be in postgastric regions, for example, the large intestine of mammals, hind gut of insects, and this is the usual site of microbial fermentation chambers. Niemann-Pick C1 disease gene: Homology to mediators of cholesterol homeostasis. Lehman RM, Lundgren JG, Petzke LM. Genetic and phenotypic adaptation of intestinal nutrient transport to diet in fish. (1) and (2)]. Examples of organ systems include the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive . Exceptionally, amino acid transport in the midgut of larval Lepidoptera is coupled to K+ ions, and not Na+ ions (158, 340). Among humans, the composition varies widely among individuals, and is influenced by age (87, 259), diet (334), and medical condition (161), including history of orally administered antibiotic treatment (232, 305). They used the 15N level of the bats blood to characterize their diets, which were composed of insects, nectar, fruit, or blood, because the natural abundance of 15N increases with trophic level. It can be seen that the human digestive tract is relatively small. Nutritional ecology of marine herbivorous fishes: Ten years on. The human and pig digestive systems are very similar. Based on phlorizin-binding studies in a limited number of species, it appeared that species differences in tissue-specific glucose uptake may largely reflect species differences in the number of copies of the main apical membrane glucose transporter SGLT1, although it is possible that differences in turnover time of the transporter can also contribute (150). No transcripts were found at the adult stage, perhaps because the adult moths do not feed on protein. Alkaline phosphatase is found broadly across vertebrate and invertebrate taxa and in many organs within mammals, including intestine (276). The insertion of GLUT2 into the apical membrane is mediated by the detection of luminal glucose by the TIR2/3 receptors and Ca2+ signaling, as described in text. There is a long history of use by humans of natural products as laxatives (31). (179) constructed a phylogeny for ten minnow species (Cyprinidae), which they incorporated into their tests for digestive system matches to diets composed of varying amounts of animal, algal, diatomaceous, and detrital material. In some groups such as ruminant mammals, insects, amphibians, and fish, these are also accompanied also by dramatic changes in GI structure. The opt1 gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes a proton-dependent dipeptide transporter. Digestive modulation in a seasonal frugivore, the American robin (, Levey DJ, Place AR, Rey PJ, Martinez del Rio C. An experimental test of dietary enzyme modulation in pine warblers. Palo RT. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of animals can serve multiple functions including digestion, osmoregulation, and protection (e.g., by detoxification or immune function). Use of the nutrients in bamboo by the red panda (. Digestive system. Ferraris RP, Diamond JM. This is a great improvement over the earliest studies that were sometimes two-species comparisons, which are plagued with a number of difficulties as regards inference about correlated evolution of diet and physiological traits (172). They can interact with proteins and other macromolecules in vitro through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic bonds, and thus bind enzymes and their nutrient substrates. Lohner K, Schnabele K, Daniel H, Oesterle D, Rechkemmer G, Gottlicher M, Wenzel U. Flavonoids alter P-gp expression in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Of particular note are the transporters mediating sterol flux across the apical membrane of enterocytes. This allows . Peptidoglycan in G(+) bacterial cell walls, Terrestrial plant material (flowers, seeds, fruits, leaves, twigs), Aquatic/marine plant materials (green and brown, diatoms, seaweeds, Plant exudates (saps, resins, latexes, gums), Phenols and terpene derivatives, hemicellulose, other complex -linked polysaccharides, Increased time between defecations (slower transit? Bale JS, Masters GJ, Hodkinson ID, Awmack C, Bezemer TM, Brown VK, Butterfield J, Buse A, Coulson JC, Farrar J, Good JEG, Harrington R, Hartley S, Jones TH, Lindroth RL, Press MC, Symrnioudis I, Watt AD, Whittaker JB. Sklan D, Noy Y. Functional development and intestinal absorption in the young poult. Lipophorin has been implicated in the transport of hydrocarbons, carotenoids, sterols, and phosopholipids, as well as DAGs. 8A). Two processes can mediate increased transporter function: recruitment of preexisting transporter protein in the cytoplasm to the membrane (as occurs for GLUT2 in response to dietary glucose, see Section Absorption of carbohydrates), and elevated gene expression. Many people don't realize that industry not only protects habitats during the workday through responsible practices, but that many of those same people are avid sportsmen and nature lovers. This observation suggests that in rabbits one of the lysozymes has been coopted from its original antibacterial role into the role of a digestive enzyme. Accessibility Luminal fructose modulates fructose transport and GLUT-5 expression in small intestine of weaning rats. 1 C and D of Clissold et al. Proteases (such as pepsins, trypsins, and chymotrypsins) and peptidases (e.g., carboxypeptidases and aminopeptidases). Comparisons of digestive tract anatomy. The phylogenetic distribution of intrinsic cellulases is not fully understood, but genome analyses indicate that members of at least five phyla have cellulases of glucose hydrolase family 9: the mollusks, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, and nonvertebrate chordates (specifically tunicates) (112). As the comparison of house sparrow and zebra finch illustrates, interspecific difference in dietary flexibility is underpinned by a parallel difference in biochemical and genetic flexibility. Large changes occur posthatch in intestine size and digestive capacity as birds grow. Apparent transcription control of SP activity was also demonstrated in the scarabaeid beetle Costelytra zealandica (306). Pauchet Y, Wilkinson P, Chauhan R, Ffrench-Constant RH. The data sources and sample sizes for mammals, birds, and lizards are from (315), for immature arthropods, with permission, from reference (410), and for fish, with permission, from reference (37, 40). Prickleback fishes, which include species that shift during development from carnivory to herbivory as well as species that remain carnivores, have provided examples of intrinsic vs. dietary induced changes in GI structure and function (51, 177, 178), but the picture is a complicated one in which intrinsic changes, diet, and phylogeny all play a role in determining developmental patterns. Transport across the basolateral membrane is also mediated by amino acid exchange, for example, y+L for efflux of cationic amino acids, or by facilitative diffusion, for example, transporters of the L and T system for efflux of neutral and aromatic amino acids, respectively. In these plots, increasing animal matter in the bats natural diet is indicated by increasing 15N in the bats tissue, and points are species means. Santo Domingo JW, Kaufman MG, Klug MJ, Holben WE, Harris D, Tiedge JM. Chang MH, Chediack JG, Caviedes-Vidal E, Karasov WH. Lipolytic activities in developing turbot larvae as influenced by diet. For example, metagenomic analyses have identified more than 700 candidate glucohydrolase genes of bacterial origin in the hindgut paunch of Nasutitermes termites, most of which have predicted capacity to degrade cellulose and xylans (462), and a remarkable 27,755 putative carbohydrate-active genes have been detected in the metagenome of the cow rumen contents, most of which are bacterial in origin, have less than 75% sequence identity with previously described genes, and many of which are likely active against cellulose (210). Karasov WH, Diamond JM. Biviano AB, Del Rio CM, Phillips DL. When digestive features are not well matched to dietary substrate(s), digestion is inefficient. The birds were hand-fed on either 0-starch diet (mimicking insect food), comprising 20% corn oil and 59.63% casein; or +starch containing 25.4% corn starch, 8% corn oil, and 46.23% casein designed to mimic a mixture of insects and plant (seed) material. (392) used a phylogeny for New World bats (family Phyllostomidae) to analyze the correlation between diet and digestive enzymes in 14 species (Fig.